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Glossary

Oracle

An oracle is a system that feeds external data into a blockchain, allowing smart contracts to react to real-world events and off-chain information. Since blockchains are closed systems and cannot access data outside their network natively, oracles serve as trusted bridges between on-chain logic and off-chain reality. Oracles are critical

Off-Chain Data

Off-chain data refers to any information that exists outside of a blockchain. This includes data stored on centralized servers, cloud databases, APIs, or traditional web infrastructure. While blockchains provide transparency and immutability, they are not optimized for storing large or dynamic datasets — which is why off-chain data is often used

Private Key

A private key is a secret cryptographic code that allows a user to access and control their cryptocurrency holdings. It is mathematically linked to a corresponding public key and wallet address, enabling the user to sign transactions and prove ownership of blockchain assets. Anyone with access to the private key

Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

P2P (peer-to-peer) refers to a decentralized network model where participants, or “peers,” interact directly with each other without relying on centralized intermediaries. In crypto, P2P systems allow users to send and receive assets, data, or services securely and trustlessly — forming the foundation of blockchain technology, decentralized finance, and file-sharing protocols.

Public Key

A public key is a cryptographic code that is mathematically derived from a private key and used to receive funds or verify digital signatures on a blockchain. It serves as the visible identifier of a wallet, enabling anyone to send assets to the corresponding address or confirm that a message

Proposal

A proposal is a formal suggestion submitted to a DAO or decentralized governance system for community review and voting. It outlines a specific action — such as updating protocol parameters, allocating funds, onboarding contributors, or launching new features — and serves as the foundation of decentralized decision-making in Web3. Proposals are core

Pump

A pump refers to a rapid and significant increase in the price of a crypto asset, usually driven by sudden demand, coordinated hype, or speculative trading. Pumps can happen organically due to positive news or fundamentally strong developments, but they’re often artificially created in what’s known as a